The Ayoke Thwin Pwe of Myinkaba: A Study of Monastic Stewardship, Ritual Animation, and the Sustainability of Intangible Heritage

Theint Theint Aung

This paper discusses the Ayoke Thwin Pwe (Ceremonial Puppet Performance) of Manuha Temple in Myinkaba Village, Bagan. I will focus on the intersection of material culture and ritual practice through the making of large-scale puppets (ayoke). Made from bamboo, paper, and monks’ robes, they represent animals, mythical creatures, and Nat figures, such as Ko Gyi Kyaw and Ma Shwe U Kyar Chi. This work is based on field observations and interviews with local artisans (2022, 2025, and 2026). 

Before the festival, the Nat figures go through “Nat Pya” (spirit manifestation), a form of consecration led by mediums (Nat-Kadaw) who imbue them with sacred substance. This ritual transforms the ayoke from lifeless bamboo structures into sacred objects. Buddhist monks actively participate in crafting these figures as well as storing them for future use.

This research considers the Ayoke Thwin Pwe beyond its popular appeal as entertainment, as a form of intangible cultural heritage, underpinned by complex connections between geography, spiritual belief, and craftsmanship.