Assessment of the Underwater Condition of the Lockheed P-38 lightning Aircraft Wreck at Lae-Lae Waters, Makassar Strait

Aril Cristia Bilang La'bi*, Khadijah Thahir Muda, Yadi Mulyadi, and Erwin Mansyur Ugu Saraka

The Lockheed P-38 Lightning aircraft wreck site in the waters of Lae-Lae, Makassar, represents significant underwater archaeological heritage with important historical and maritime cultural value. However, the site faces threats from oceanographic processes and human activities that accelerate metal deterioration and reduce its archaeological integrity. This study examines oceanographic conditions, sediment characteristics, sedimentation rates, and anthropogenic pressures affecting site vulnerability. Data were obtained through in situ measurements of temperature, salinity, pH, and current velocity; laboratory analysis of seabed sediments; visual documentation; and observation of surrounding human activities. Results indicate a highest sedimentation rate of 0.320 g/L/day, with sediments dominated by coarse sand (0.884 mm), reflecting a relatively high-energy hydrodynamic environment. Generally low current velocities around the wreck promote sediment accumulation that may partially protect the structure, yet also enhance corrosion of metal components. Major threats arise from scrap metal scavenging, trawling and net fishing, coastal reclamation, and cargo vessel anchoring, which increase turbidity, intensify sedimentation, and cause direct physical damage. Consequently, the site faces substantial risks from natural and anthropogenic factors, requiring integrated mitigation through environmental management, inter-agency monitoring, and community education to ensure sustainable preservation.