Copper, Communities and Cultural Networks: Reassessing the Ganeshwar–Jodhpura Cultural Complex of Rajasthan

Vivek Shukla

The Ganeshwar–Jodhpura cultural complex of northeastern Rajasthan represents one of the most significant archaeological traditions associated with early copper metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent. Situated in the Sikar–Jhunjhunu region along the Aravalli hill ranges, this cultural complex has yielded many copper artefacts including arrowheads, spearheads, celts, bangles, and chisels, indicating a well-developed metallurgical tradition during the third and second millennia BCE. Archaeological investigations conducted in this region have revealed extensive material remains such as copper objects, ceramics, lithic tools, and habitation deposits that suggest the presence of settled prehistoric communities engaged in craft production and metallurgical activities. The proximity of these settlements to the rich copper ore deposits of the Aravalli hills indicates that the region may have functioned as an important centre of copper extraction and production. This paper re-examines the archaeological evidence associated with the Ganeshwar–Jodhpura cultural complex with particular emphasis on copper metallurgy, settlement patterns, and resource utilization. The study also explores possible cultural and economic interactions between the Ganeshwar–Jodhpura communities and contemporary Indus Civilization settlements, including sites such as Kalibangan. By integrating archaeological data and regional landscape perspectives, this research highlights the role of prehistoric Rajasthan as a crucial node in early metallurgical networks and interregional exchange systems in South Asia. The study contributes to broader discussions on technological innovation, craft specialization, and cultural interaction in prehistoric societies.