Archaeology of the "Kota", Indigenous Fortification of the Inhabitants of Lanao Lake

Rona Catherine R. Repancol

Before the Islamization of Central Mindanao, South of the Philippines, the Lake Lanao region was a nexus of vibrant cultural activity, characterized by robust trade networks and sophisticated artisanal production. However, these dynamics coexisted with persistent internal warfare and maritime raiding. This study examines the kota—indigenous fortifications—as a lens through which to understand the complexity of pre-Islamic Meranao society. By synthesizing historical accounts, ethnographic data, and archaeological evidence, this research provides a preliminary analysis of the origins, functional purposes, and structural evolution of these fortifications. This paper argues that the kota are not merely defensive structures but are defining architectural features that reflect the socio-political organization and cultural identity of the Meranao people prior to the arrival of Islam. The research offers various perspectives on the cultural landscape of the Lanao region during its formative, pre-Islamic era, filling a vital gap in Philippine ethnohistory and lake archaeology.