Indian Cultural Influence on Acehnese Eco-Spirituality Traditions: Cultural Transmission and Syncretism

Yuni Saputri1* and Elora Tribedy2

Located at the western tip of Sumatra, Aceh occupies a strategic position that has historically served as a gateway for foreign cultures, most notably from India. The relationship between India and Aceh extends beyond trade, encompassing political, diplomatic, and cultural transmissions dating back to the classical period, particularly during the Hindu-Buddhist and Islamic eras. The Indian presence in Aceh traces back to the exodus of populations to Southeast Asia following the upheavals during the reign of Maharaja Ashoka (272–232 BCE). This prolonged interaction facilitated a process of cultural transmission and syncretism in Aceh. A primary manifestation of this synthesis is found in the extant traditions and rituals of eco-spirituality, which remain deeply intertwined with Indian cultural heritage. Indian eco-spirituality is rooted in Hindu tenets that revere Prakriti (Nature) as the mother, a concept documented in sacred texts and enacted through daily rituals and traditions involving natural elements such as flowers, water, and leaves. Such nature-based ritual elements have been adapted into several eco-spiritual traditions in Aceh. This study aims to examine the transmission of culture and knowledge within Acehnese eco-spiritual traditions that integrate indigenous beliefs with Indian customs. Through a qualitative analysis and ethnography approach of living traditions such as Tulak Bala /Rabu Abeh, Rah Ulei, Khanduri Blang, and Khanduri Laot, demonstrate how these practices shape eco-spirituality traditions in Aceh.