Reviewing the Evolution of Bioarchaeological Studies in Indonesia through the Analysis of Funerary Practices

Theresia Lukita Oktarisa1*, Sofia C. Samper Carro1, Fakhri2,3, and Lutfi Yondri2

This study examines the evolution of bioarchaeological studies in Indonesia, focusing on funerary practices from the Late Pleistocene to the Late Holocene. Indonesia’s diverse burial customs offer a unique perspective on prehistoric societies. Early research focused on osteological descriptions and isolated findings, often overlooking broader contexts. Since the 2000s, multidisciplinary approaches integrating osteology, taphonomy, direct dating, and biomolecular methods, have revealed the sophistication of ancient Indonesian mortuary traditions. Variations in funerary practices, body modifications, and grave goods reflect social hierarchy and spiritual beliefs. Despite challenges, these methodological advancements have contributed to understanding cultural continuity and adaptation in Southeast Asia. This synthesis emphasises the importance of interdisciplinary approaches in unravelling Indonesia’s sociocultural past.