Ethnomedicine encompasses the ethnic beliefs, practices and traditional knowledge toward the prevention and diagnosis of various diseases. The knowledge of ethnomedicine is usually orally passed from one generation to the next. The present study attempts to explore the ethnomedicine system of the Mishing tribe of Upper Brahmaputra valley, Assam, India. The study mainly deals with the identification of medicinal plant species with the local names, preparation methods, and treatment techniques that are used frequently for curing several diseases. The practices of herbal treatments are more in the riverine areas as compared to areas nearer to modern medicinal facilities. The most important fact is that before any type of treatment some magico-religious practices are performed by the community. Interestingly, even though popularity of modern medicine has increased a lot amongst the contemporary community, they only have ardent faith in qualitative herbal medicine.