Although small mammal assemblages recovered from archaeo-palaeontological deposits in can play a significant role in the reconstruction of past environments, evolutionary history, and cultural adaptation, they still remain poorly studied, particularly for the context of Indonesian archipelago. This study attempted to assess the feasibility of utilising small mammals from Indonesian sites by determining what can be inferred from a particular assemblage. The study focussed on the small mammal remains from Gua Bedug, an archaeological cave in Rembang zone, discovered during the 2019 and 2021 excavation campaigns. Among the animal bones, 29 small-mammal were recovered, and identified to at least six species: Megaderma spasma, Pteropus cf. hypomelanus, Rattus cf. argentiventer, Maxomys surifer, Callosciurus gr. nigrovittatus-notatus, and Hystrix cf. javanica. Based on the ecology of the individual species it can be suggested that these small-mammals inhabited from diverse range of habitats, including the main Gua Bedug environments of tropical lowland forest with patches of grassland or forest edge. In addition, coastal landscape such as mangrove forest might also present in its vicinity. Taphonomic analyses of the teeth indicated light digestion in some consistent with those modifications produced by an avian predator, probably nocturnal raptor (owls). These birds often hunt their prey within close proximity to the roost. In addition, the presence of small flying foxes, squirrels, and porcupines in the assemblages could also indicate that people might have hunted/trapped and eaten small mammals.