Energy–dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectroscopy was used to determine the elemental composition of 92 pottery sherds from the ancient settlement of Oc Eo, in the lower Mekong delta (Vietnam). The XRF data were subjected to Principal components analysis PCA and distinct sample clusters were identified, originating from differences in major and trace element concentrations. The statistical classification, combined with archaeological criteria, allows interpretations to be made related to the raw materials and paste recipes used in pottery manufacturing. Distinction between local production and imported pottery may also be inferred.